Welcome To The Salvation Army English Speaking Corps Hong Kong 

Manila Central Corps November 3-7, 2000

Arts & Culture
Music
A deep love of music defines much of the population. Filipino musicians are able to take any pop tune and give it their lyrical interpretation. Contemporary music has a definite Western sound, but with a distinct Filipino flavor. Many American and European songs are translated into Tagalog or sung in Taglish (a combination of Tagalog and English). Nightlife is vibrant and varied throughout the country.

Indigenous music is performed frequently. In the northern islands, flat gongs, known as gangsa, are played by ensembles of men. The gongs are accorded so much economic value and status that only prominent members of the community are allowed to play them. Elsewhere, traditional instruments include the kulintang (Muslim gongs), the kubing (a type of Jew's harp), the git-git (a fiddle whose strings are made of human hair), and the bamboo nose flute. Kundimans, traditional romantic love songs, are becoming popular again.

The Philippines is a fabulous place to party. Just about any time of year some part of the country will be celebrating a loud and outrageous fiesta. One of the most celebrated is January's Ati-Atihan festival in Kalibo on Panay. This three-day spectacular includes singing, dancing, drumming, and outlandish costumes.

Dance
Dance, both modern and traditional, is a well-loved art form in the Philippines. Folk dances such as the tinikling and the singkil, performed by dancers dancing among a cross-hatch of bamboo poles on the floor, have become popular visitor attractions. Like music, dance is taught in the living room and practiced in schools and in the community. Few Pinoys will pass up a weekend night at the disco or a local dance. It's also easy to find a dance performance or competition on Philippine television.

Visual Arts
Until the 19th century, painting and sculpture were influenced by the Roman Catholic Church. Recently, these art forms have taken on more secular themes, and Filipino artists have been recognized outside the country. Juan Luna and Féý@(ýý@(Œ8SŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SRŒ`ŒXŒHŒ8Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒ˜Qlix Resurreccion Hidalgo, who have won awards in Spain and Paris, paint in romantic and impressionistic styles. Many artists, including official National Artist and folk painter Carlos "Botong" Francisco, congregate in Angono and the tranquil towns of Rizal province, south of Manila.

The Philippines is famous for its craftwork. Basketry is well developed in many areas of Mindanao. Cebu is known for shellcraft, and Baguio is known for its silver filigree work. The Yakans produce rich woven textiles. Wood carving is especially big in Paete, Laguna, and Betis, Pampanga (known for its furniture).

Literature
Before the arrival of the Spanish, Philippine literature consisted of oral folk stories and proverbs passed down in various languages of the island. Literature under Spanish influence was primarily religious. By the 18th and 19th centuries however, some Filipinos began to create their own literature. Further developments occurred with the arrival of Americans, and soon an English literature was born and numerous short stories and drama were created. Among the notable writers of the Philippines are novelist and national hero Joséý@(ýý@(Œ8SŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SRŒ`ŒXŒHŒ8Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒ˜Q Rizal; Francisco Balagtas, a poet and philosopher; Joséý@(ýý@(Œ8SŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SRŒ`ŒXŒHŒ8Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒàý (ýý (ŒSŒéý@(ýý@(Œ8SRŒ@Œ8Œ(ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SŒèý((ýý((Œ SRŒPŒHŒ8Œ(Œ ŒŒŒèý((ýý((Œ SŒàý (ýý (ŒSRŒHŒ@Œ0Œ ŒŒŒŒøý8(ýý8(Œ0SŒðý0(ýý0(Œ(SRŒXŒPŒ@Œ0Œ(ŒŒŒ˜Q Garcia Villa, a poet and short-story writer; Carlos P. Romulo, a journalist and diplomat; and poet and playwright Claro Recto.